In the Paris meeting, limiting global warming below 2☌, preferably to 1.5☌, compared to preindustrial levels was defined as the global goal. The report focuses on possible climate futures, and ways to limit human-induced climate change. As per the IPCC’s 2021 report on climate change ( Masson-Delmotte et al., 2021), “Human influence has warmed the climate at a rate that is unprecedented in at least the last 2000 years”. More than 2,000 GtCO 2 has been emitted by humans since the Industrial Revolution. According to the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii, the atmospheric CO 2 levels increased to an average of nearly 420 parts per million today, about 50% higher than before the Industrial Revolution (280 ppm), prompting climate change mitigation discussions in Paris, on December 12 2015. Its lifespan in the atmosphere is between 300 and 1,000 years, many human generations. However, DAC may partially help to offset difficult to avoid annual emissions from concrete (∼8%), transportation (∼24%), iron-steel industry (∼11%), and wildfires (∼0.8%).Ĭarbon dioxide (CO 2) is one of the six main greenhouse gases. At 0.01 Mt CO 2/year capture capacity, DAC alone faces a challenge to meet the rates of carbon capture described in the goals of the Paris Agreement with 1.5–2☌ of global warming. DAC capital and operational cost based on plant power energy sources, land and water needs of DAC are discussed in detail. We explain processing steps for liquid and solid carbon capture technologies and indicate their specific energy requirements. In this review, we present the current status of commercial DAC technologies and elucidate the five pillars of technology including capture technologies, their energy demand, final costs, environmental impacts, and political support. Current DAC cost is about 2–6 times higher than the desired cost and depends highly on the source of energy used. Technology-based economic development in all three areas are required to achieve <$100/ton of CO 2 which makes DAC economically viable. DAC technologies still need to improve in three areas: 1) Contactor, 2) Sorbent, and 3) Regeneration to drive down the costs. DAC active plants capturing in average 10,000 tons of CO 2 annually are still in their infancy and are expensive. There are presently 19 DAC plants operating worldwide, capturing more than 0.01 Mt CO 2/year. Recently, elevated global interests to the DAC technologies prompted implementation of new tax credits and new policies worldwide that motivated the existing DAC companies and prompted the startup boom. Climate change calls for adaptation of negative emission technologies such as direct air capture (DAC) of carbon dioxide (CO 2) to lower the global warming impacts of greenhouse gases.
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